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Sipping The Alphabet Soup Of Retirement Savings
Hugh Bromma, The Entrust Group 03.27.07, 6:00 PM ET IRAs, SEPs, SIMPLEs–it’s alphabet soup. And then you throw in 401(k)s, pre-tax and post-tax dollars, self-directed options and so on, and it becomes a challenge to know where you should put your retirement money. But figuring out which type of plan fits your income and circumstances is straightforward once you understand the basic criteria.
First, anybody can have a traditional Individual Retirement Account, or IRA, regardless of income or whether you have another type of retirement plan. Unfortunately, many people have been told otherwise. This is not correct. As long as you have earned income, you can contribute to a traditional IRA. The only catch is that you may be limited to how much you can deduct from your taxes.
Certainly being able to take a deduction is desirable, but there are also long-term benefits to having an IRA, one being that your contributions grow tax-free until you take distributions, at which time you may be in a lower tax bracket.
Here are the key points to know about a traditional IRA:
–Contributions may be tax-deductible.
–Taxes are paid on earnings when withdrawn and are based on your tax rate at the time of withdrawal.
–You may begin taking withdrawals without penalty at age 59 1/2.
–You are required to take withdrawals at age 70 1/2.
–Withdrawals before age 59 1/2 are subject to a 10% penalty, with some exceptions.
–For 2007, you can contribute $4,000, plus another $1,000 if you are 50 or older.
Another type of IRA is the Roth IRA, which is one of the best tax-free opportunities available. With a Roth IRA, you cannot deduct your contribution from your current taxes, but after that, your investments grow tax free. You do not have to pay any tax on your future withdrawals, nor are you required to take withdrawals. Here are the highlights:
–You cannot earn more than $95,000 annually as a single person ($150,000 jointly if you are married).
–Contributions are not tax-deductible.
–All earnings are completely tax-free.
–You are not required to take distributions at any age.
–You can withdraw contributions at any time without penalty.
–In 2007, you can contribute $4,000, plus another $1,000 if you are 50 or older.
All IRAs must have a custodian or trustee, such as a bank. When you establish an IRA, regardless of type, you may be limited to investing the funds in what the financial institution chooses to offer. But legally, IRA funds can be invested in just about anything, including real estate (but excluding certain collectibles). The trick is to make sure that your IRA is set up as self-directed, which means you, not the custodian, select the types of investments; several companies offer truly self-directed IRAs.
There are two other non-retirement custodial accounts that operate in a similar fashion to a Roth IRA and can be self-directed: Coverdell Education Savings Accounts (ESAs) and Health Savings Accounts (HSAs). If you have or are considering opening these types of accounts, it is worth looking into an administrator that permits self-direction.
Additional Options For Employers
If you are self-employed or are an employer, you have additional contribution options that work like a traditional IRA in that the amount that you contribute is tax-deductible and deposited in a traditional IRA.
A Simplified Employee Pension (SEP-IRA) allows you to contribute a percentage of your compensation as well as deduct the contribution from your business tax return. For 2007, you can contribute up to 25% of your earnings, with a maximum of $45,000. When you calculate the percentage, the maximum amount of compensation you can consider is $225,000.
Now the hard part is figuring out how much you can actually contribute. Because the basis of your calculation is adjusted by the amount you are contributing, the 25% maximum generally turns out to be only 20% of total compensation. That’s why your maximum amount to consider is $225,000 (20% of $225,000 equals $45,000).
Another option is a SIMPLE, which unlike its name, is actually complex. With a Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees, an employer is required either to match an employee’s elective contribution or to make a contribution on the employee’s behalf. One advantage of having a SIMPLE-IRA is that if you, as an employer, have earnings less than $64,000, you can contribute more than you could with a SEP-IRA, since your contribution is not based on a percentage of earnings.
It’s important to keep in mind that SIMPLE contributions must be made in the calendar year in which the income is earned, with the last contribution made no later than Jan. 30 in the year following earnings in the preceding year. (Other IRAs, such as traditional and Roth, permit contributions until April 15 in the year following earnings, and SEP-IRA contributions, which may be made by company tax deadlines plus extensions.) If you’re planning on having a SIMPLE-IRA for 2007, you have to establish it by Oct. 1. In 2007, you can contribute up to $10,500, plus another $2,500 if you are 50 or older. As the employer .you can also match up to 3% of compensation, which adds another $1,920 if your income is $64,000, for example. If you are a sole proprietor with no employees, you can also consider an Individual Roth 401(k), which is a little more complex, but worth the effort if you earn at least $100,000. These plans are similar to a 401(k) but much easier to administer. For 2007, you can contribute up to $45,000 based on a maximum income of $225,000. The big bonus is that you can put $15,000 ($20,000 if your 50 or older) in a Roth portion of the plan (post-tax dollars) that will never be taxed again. You can also personally borrow from this plan and be your own trustee and administrator, which you can’t do with any IRA.
The Bottom Line
Everyone who has earned income should, if nothing else, contribute to a traditional IRA. If you qualify, a Roth IRA is a good choice if you expect to make large profits and be in the same or higher tax bracket when you retire. If you are a sole proprietor or an employer with no employees other than a spouse and partners, a self-directed Individual Roth 401(k) provides for enormous profit potential because of the broad investment capabilities: real estate, stocks, bonds, mutual funds and CDs.
If you are not looking for the maximum tax deduction–just a small tax break–contributing to a SEP-IRA may be easier, since you don’t have the additional tax filings that an Individual Roth 401(k) requires. Also, the SEP allows you to exclude employees for three years, whereas the Individual Roth 401(k) requires that employees be included after one year or 1,000 hours of service.
Hubert Bromma is CEO of The Entrust Group (www.theentrustgroup.com) and author of How to Invest in Real Estate and Pay Little or No Taxes. His new book, How to Invest in Real Estate with Your IRA & 401(k) and Pay Little or No Taxes, is published by McGraw-Hill.